如果你剛好用 macOS，也剛好有裝 OrbStack，
OrbStack CLI（orb 指令）的指令可以幫你輕鬆建立與管理 Linux 虛擬機。
這邊就整理一下這些細節，用 orb 指令來管理 OrbStack 內建的虛擬機。
orb 指令說明
這邊列出 orb 指令的說明，後面會跟大家說要怎麼使用
Usage:
orb create [flags] DISTRO[:VERSION] [MACHINE_NAME]
Aliases:
create, add, new
Examples:
orb create -a arm64 ubuntu:24.04
orb create --memory 4G --cpus 2 --disk 64G ubuntu dev
orb create -a amd64 fedora foo
Flags:
-a, --arch string Override the default architecture
--cpus string CPU core limit for the machine
--disk string Disk usage limit for the machine (GiB, or units like 64G)
--forward-ssh-agent Enable SSH agent forwarding for an isolated machine
-h, --help help for create
--isolate-network Block an isolated machine from other machines and host IPs
--isolated Create an isolated machine (disables file sharing and integration)
--memory string Memory limit for the machine (MiB, or units like 4G)
--mount stringArray Add a selective host mount for an isolated machine as SOURCE[:DEST] (repeatable)
-p, --set-password Set a password for the default user
-u, --user string Username for the default user
-c, --user-data string Path to Cloud-init user data file (for automatic setup)
核心指令語法
使用 orb create 即可快速建立新的 Linux 虛擬機器：
orb create [旗標] 發行版[:版本] [機器名稱]
別名（Aliases）：create、add、new 皆可通用。
常用旗標（Flags）說明
旗標 / 參數
完整名稱
說明
-a
--arch
變更預設架構（例如：arm64 或 amd64）
--cpus
設定 CPU 核心數上限
--memory
設定記憶體上限（例如：4G、2048M）
--disk
設定磁碟容量上限（例如：64G）
-u
--user
指定預設使用者名稱
-p
--set-password
為預設使用者設定密碼
-c
--user-data
指定 Cloud-init 寫入檔路徑（用於自動化初始化設定）
--isolated
建立隔離機器（關閉檔案共享與系統整合）
--isolate-network
封鎖隔離機器存取其他機器與宿主機 IP
--forward-ssh-agent
為隔離機器啟用 SSH Agent 轉發
--mount
為隔離機器新增指定的宿主機掛載點（格式：來源[:目標]，可重複使用）
一些快速上手的範例
1. 建立具有 Root 權限的獨立工作空間
若需要一個能隨意使用 sudo 測試安裝套件或準備素材的獨立環境，可以直接指定架構建立：
建立 x86 (amd64) 架構的 Ubuntu 虛擬機器
orb create --a amd64 ubuntu
進入該虛擬機器（以預設 ubuntu 為例）
orb -m ubuntu
進入之後你會發現提示詞有變化，會不一樣
就像你登入 SSH 一樣
然後就可以在這個環境自由的操作了
2. 其他各種常見的情境
這裏列出其他常見的指令範例，供參考
建立最新版 Ubuntu（自動命名）
orb create ubuntu
註：你可以用 tab 鍵去看有哪些發行版可以用，目前只支援 Linux 常見的發行版
官方也明確表示不支援 Windows 虛擬機
# vgdisplay -v
--- Volume group ---
VG Name rhel
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size <19.00 GiB ### VG 容量只有 19GB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 4863
Alloc PE / Size 4863 / <19.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID edb3Hx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-iiOyAf
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel/swap
LV Name swap
VG Name rhel
LV UUID ocf2IU-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-BoYp70
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time uatgit, 2023-08-21 18:06:42 +0800
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 2.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel/root
LV Name root
VG Name rhel
LV UUID 5mZgRT-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-0KHlI7
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time uatgit, 2023-08-21 18:06:42 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size <17.00 GiB ### LV 容量只有 17GB，前面有 2GB 是 Swap
Current LE 4351
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:0
--- Physical volumes ---
PV Name /dev/sda2
PV UUID 86HkpN-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-Z6DNv4
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 4863 / 0
# vgdisplay -v
--- Volume group ---
VG Name rhel
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size <19.00 GiB ### VG 容量還是沒變，只有 19GB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 4863
Alloc PE / Size 4863 / <19.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID edb3Hx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-iiOyAf
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel/swap
LV Name swap
VG Name rhel
LV UUID ocf2IU-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-BoYp70
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time uatgit, 2023-08-21 18:06:42 +0800
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 2.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel/root
LV Name root
VG Name rhel
LV UUID 5mZgRT-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-0KHlI7
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time uatgit, 2023-08-21 18:06:42 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size <17.00 GiB ### LV 容量也沒變，只有 17GB
Current LE 4351
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:0
--- Physical volumes ---
PV Name /dev/sda2
PV UUID 86HkpN-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-Z6DNv4
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 4863 / 0
# parted
GNU Parted 3.1
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted)
你可以在 parted 裡面輸入需要的指令，打 quit 離開互動式介面
先打 print 印出磁區列表，
(parted) print
Model: VMware Virtual disk (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 64.4GB ### 可以看到硬碟大小變成 64.4GB 了
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 1075MB 1074MB primary xfs boot
2 1075MB 21.5GB 20.4GB primary lvm ### 但 LVM 磁區只有 20.4GB
使用 resizepart 指令調整分割區大小
(parted) resizepart 2 100%
記得這個 2 要換成對應的數字
再印一次看看
(parted) print
Model: VMware Virtual disk (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 64.4GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 1075MB 1074MB primary xfs boot
2 1075MB 64.4GB 63.3GB primary lvm ### LVM 磁區擴增變成新的大小 63.3GB
打 quit 離開互動式介面
(parted) quit
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
LVM 資訊看一下
# vgdisplay -v
--- Volume group ---
VG Name rhel
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size <19.00 GiB ### VG 容量還是沒變，只有 19GB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 4863
Alloc PE / Size 4863 / <19.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID edb3Hx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-iiOyAf
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel/swap
LV Name swap
VG Name rhel
LV UUID ocf2IU-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-BoYp70
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time uatgit, 2023-08-21 18:06:42 +0800
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 2.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel/root
LV Name root
VG Name rhel
LV UUID 5mZgRT-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-0KHlI7
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time uatgit, 2023-08-21 18:06:42 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size <17.00 GiB ### LV 容量也沒變，只有 17GB
Current LE 4351
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:0
--- Physical volumes ---
PV Name /dev/sda2
PV UUID 86HkpN-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-Z6DNv4
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 4863 / 0
Step4. 擴增 PV
我們用 pvresize 調整 PV 的大小
# pvresize /dev/sda2
Physical volume "/dev/sda2" changed
1 physical volume(s) resized or updated / 0 physical volume(s) not resized
再次印一次 LVM 資訊看看
# vgdisplay -v
--- Volume group ---
VG Name rhel
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 4
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size <59.00 GiB ### VG 容量變大了 59GB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 15103
Alloc PE / Size 4863 / <19.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 10240 / 40.00 GiB ### 跑出了一些 PE 大小
VG UUID edb3Hx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-iiOyAf
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel/swap
LV Name swap
VG Name rhel
LV UUID ocf2IU-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-BoYp70
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time uatgit, 2023-08-21 18:06:42 +0800
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 2.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel/root
LV Name root
VG Name rhel
LV UUID 5mZgRT-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-0KHlI7
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time uatgit, 2023-08-21 18:06:42 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size <17.00 GiB ### LV 容量沒變，還是 17GB
Current LE 4351
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:0
--- Physical volumes ---
PV Name /dev/sda2
PV UUID 86HkpN-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-Z6DNv4
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 15103 / 10240 ### 跑出了一些 Free PE 出來（因為我們還沒調整）
Step5. 擴增 LV
我們使用 lvextend 擴大 LV 大小
# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/rhel/root
Size of logical volume rhel/root changed from <17.00 GiB (4351 extents) to <57.00 GiB (14591 extents).
Logical volume rhel/root successfully resized.
再次印一次 LVM 資訊看看
# vgdisplay -v
--- Volume group ---
VG Name rhel
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 5
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size <59.00 GiB ### VG 容量沒問題 59GB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 15103
Alloc PE / Size 15103 / <59.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID edb3Hx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-iiOyAf
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel/swap
LV Name swap
VG Name rhel
LV UUID ocf2IU-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-BoYp70
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time uatgit, 2023-08-21 18:06:42 +0800
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 2.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel/root
LV Name root
VG Name rhel
LV UUID 5mZgRT-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-0KHlI7
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time uatgit, 2023-08-21 18:06:42 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size <57.00 GiB ### LV 容量變大了 57GB
Current LE 14591
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:0
--- Physical volumes ---
PV Name /dev/sda2
PV UUID 86HkpN-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-Z6DNv4
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 15103 / 0 ### 沒有 Free PE 了
