[MySQL] 解決中文亂碼,預設編碼改為UTF-8設定

這個設定幾乎是設定MySQL必備的設定

這問題特別在xampp的環境(Windows版和Linux版)下,或者Fedora Linux使用yum安裝的mysqld會出現的問題

 

新增表格如果不指定編碼,預設會用latin1

在C:\xampp\mysql\bin\my.ini     (Windows版的路徑)

找到 [client] 區塊

加入

default-character-set=utf8

找到 [mysqld] 區塊

加入

character-set-server=utf8
collation-server=utf8_general_ci

———————————————————————–

如果是Linux的Xampp for linux,用命令列打入
vi /opt/lampp/etc/my.cnf

如果是yum裝的mysqld,用命令列打入

vi /etc/my.cnf

照Windows的敘述做修改

[Fedora12]Linux的GRUB修復,安裝GRUB

大家在製作多重開機時都會遇到這個問題
就是不管是XP先安裝或是Linux先安裝

都會有開機資訊被覆蓋的情況

先講重要概念

————————————————————————–

重要概念

1. MBR為Master Boot Record每顆硬碟只有一個,寫在硬碟的第0軌上

2. 每切出的分割,除了裡面有檔案系統的資訊外,還有一個開機資訊(boot sector)

3. 大致的開機流程是,當BIOS控制權轉交到一顆硬碟上,會先讀取該硬碟的MBR
再由MBR裡寫的資訊(如果沒有則為active的分割區),載入該分割區的(boot sector),再經由該資訊,找到系統重要檔案,載入作業系統

4. 而多重開機則大多為在MBR裡寫入開機管理程式,顯示介面讓使用者選擇到開機的分割區或是其他資訊
(也有些開機管理程式程式太大,MBR的空間塞不進去,會從MBR中導到某個分割區的boot sector,再從該資訊載入開機管理程式)

5. 而Linux比較特別,可以直接從GRUB直接載入核心,載入作業系統 

解決辦法如下:

————————————————————————–

winXP下的開機資訊修復

放入XP安裝光碟,用它開機

按R進入Recovery Console下打fixmbr修復

或是使用spfdisk的修復MBR功能

A:\>spfdisk /mbr

————————————————————————–

Linux下的開機選單(GRUB)修復

放入你使用的Linux版本的LiveCD,用它開機
在登入到桌面之後,打開命令列

以Fedora 12為例 (GRUB 1版的做法)

(註:以下這段ubuntu就不適用,因為它使用GRUB 2版。做法為另一種)
(該做法不限定在Fedora,Redhat系列的都可以用,像是RHEL,Cent OS … 等等)

先打入fdisk -l查看磁碟分割的狀況

[root@localhost ~]#fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x129dfc88

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *          63    18844244     9422091    7  HPFS/NTFS
/dev/sda2        18844245   625137344   303146550    f  W95 Ext’d (LBA)
/dev/sda5        18860310    52516484    16828087+   7  HPFS/NTFS
/dev/sda6        52516548    60918479     4200966   83  Linux
/dev/sda7        60918543    62990864     1036161   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda8        62990928    96454259    16731666    7  HPFS/NTFS
/dev/sda9        96454323   625137344   264341511    7  HPFS/NTFS

 

找到Fedora安裝的分割區(ext3或ext4分割,該目錄含有GRUB的資訊)
我的電腦為/dev/sda6

打入grub進入頁面

[root@localhost~]#grub

切換根目錄為Fedora安裝的目錄

grub> root (hd0,5)
root (hd0,5)
 Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83

這個時候可能要嘗試一下,大約是在前面查到的sda6的上一號或下一號
出現ext2fs字樣就可以繼續

 

範例1:

寫入開機資訊到該硬碟的MBR

grub> setup (hd0)
setup (hd0)
Checking if “/boot/grub/stage1” exists… no
Checking if “/grub/stage1” exists… yes
Checking if “/grub/stage2” exists… yes
Checking if “/grub/e2fs_stage1_5” exists… yes
Running “embed /grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0)”…  15 sectors are embedded.
succeeded
Running “install /grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+15 p (hd0,5)/grub/stage2
/grub/grub.conf”… succeeded
Done.

出現類似succeeded字樣就成功了

 

範例2:

寫入開機資訊到Fedora的該分割區的開機磁軌
(我的是sda6,也就是這裡的(hd0,5)每台電腦環境不同,請以你的為主)

grub> setup (hd0,5)
setup (hd0,5)
 Checking if “/boot/grub/stage1” exists… yes
 Checking if “/boot/grub/stage2” exists… yes
 Checking if “/boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5” exists… yes
 Running “embed /boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0,5)”… failed (this is not fatal)
 Running “embed /boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0,5)”… failed (this is not fatal)
 Running “install /boot/grub/stage1 (hd0,5) /boot/grub/stage2 p /boot/grub/grub.conf “… succeeded
Done.

出現類似succeeded字樣就成功了

————————————————————————–

這篇很簡略的寫出操作的重點

詳細請看

http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0510osloader.php#grub_install

http://bentai.wordpress.com/2006/08/16/%E5%9C%A8windows-xp-sp2%E4%B8%8B%E4%BF%AE%E5%BE%A9mbr/

有趣的語音控制

看到朋友的Facebook感到很有興趣

 想知道電腦是男的還是女的?步驟一:點『開始』,在『所有程式』裡找到『附屬應用程式』,點『記事本』新增一個新記事本文件。步驟二:在裡面輸入 CreateObject(“SAPI.SpVoice”).Speak “I love YOU” 步驟三:另存新檔名為 .VBS 文件如:我愛你.vbs⋯⋯然後,點擊這個文件就會聽到一句I LOVE U。透過聲音就可以辨别你的電腦是男生還是女生

這個真的酷!!!

——————————-

這個其實大家很少使用的微軟語音引擎,XP內建Microsoft Sam
所以大部分是男的只能說英文

Vista或Win7應該有別的引擎,別的廠商也有在做

跟自然輸入法的語音引擎應該不同

在XP下按開始→控制台→語音

就會看到

————————–

在bat底下的代碼

mshta vbscript:CreateObject(“SAPI.SpVoice”).Speak(“I can say english”)(Window.close)

ping 127.0.0.1 /n 2 >nul       rem 這行可以做時間延遲

echo CreateObject(“SAPI.SpVoice”).Speak CreateObject(“Scripting.FileSystemObject”).OpenTextFile(WScript.Arguments(0)).ReadAll>ss.vbs

rem 可以產生一個sss.vbs,把文字檔拖進去,可以閱讀全文

————————–

在vbs底下詳細操作的代碼

set oSa = Createobject(“SAPI.SpVoice”)
oSa.volume=100   ‘音量
oSa.rate=1            ‘講話速率
oSa.speak(“i can say english”) 

————————–

以下是讓C#能夠控制該語音引擎的代碼 

引用:http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/forums/en-US/csharpgeneral/thread/eef2ae7f-6f2c-45be-b25d-abdb74354687

MSDN詳細資料:http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms723602(VS.85).aspx

using SpeechLib;

namespace ConsoleApplication1 {
  class Program {

    static void Main (string [] args) {

      SpVoice voice = new SpVoice ();

      voice.Speak (“A new EXE CAAntiSpyware appeared.”, SpeechVoiceSpeakFlags.SVSFlagsAsync);

      // … add code here if needed…

      voice.WaitUntilDone (30000);

    }

  }
}

[MySQL]更改預設資料庫的編碼

引用:http://www.twvbb.com/vbb/thread/104/9420/

這是MySQL安裝的時候預設的狀況
使用xampp或是linux底下的lampp

 

在phpmyadmin底下的variables可以看到
預設新增的資料庫的編碼會是latin1
但我們通常都會新增utf8的資料庫

請修改MySQL的設定檔my.cnf

(Linux底下)

/etc/my.cnf
或是
/opt/lampp/etc/my.cnf

(XP底下)

 

找到以下標籤並加上紅字部份

[mysqld]
character-set-server=utf8
collation-server=utf8_general_ci
init-connect=’SET NAMES utf8′

[client]
default-character-set=utf8

 

資料庫轉換的步驟請參考引用原文
我看完消化過在補

[C#視窗]Ado.net連接Access資料庫的四種方式

//***Access(ODBC Version)
//[OdbcConnection->OdbcDataAdapter->DataSet->dataGridView1]
string strSQL =“Select * from table”;
try
{
IDbConnection dbConn = new System.Data.Odbc.OdbcConnection(@”Driver={Microsoft Access Driver (*.mdb)};DBQ=|DataDirectory|\database.mdb”);
dbConn.Open();
IDbDataAdapter dbAdapter = new System.Data.Odbc.OdbcDataAdapter(strSQL, (System.Data.Odbc.OdbcConnection)dbConn);
System.Data.DataSet dbSet = new System.Data.DataSet();
dbAdapter.Fill(dbSet);
dataGridView1.DataSource = dbSet.Tables[0];
}
catch (System.Data.Odbc.OdbcException ex)
{
MessageBox.Show(ex.ToString());
}
//***Access(ODBC Version)
//[OdbcConnection->OdbcCommand->DataTable->dataGridView1]
int i;
System.Data.DataTable dt = new DataTable();
System.Data.DataRow dr;
string strSQL =“Select * from table”;
try
{
IDbConnection dbConn = new System.Data.Odbc.OdbcConnection(@”Driver={Microsoft Access Driver (*.mdb)};DBQ=|DataDirectory|\database.mdb”);
dbConn.Open();
IDbCommand dbCommand = new System.Data.Odbc.OdbcCommand(strSQL, (System.Data.Odbc.OdbcConnection)dbConn);
IDataReader dbReader = dbCommand.ExecuteReader();
//
for (i = 0; i < dbReader.FieldCount; i++)
dt.Columns.Add(newDataColumn(dbReader.GetName(i)));
//
while (dbReader.Read())
{
dr = dt.NewRow();
for (i = 0; i < dbReader.FieldCount; i++)
dr[i] = dbReader[i];
dt.Rows.Add(dr);
}
}
catch (System.Data.Odbc.OdbcException ex)
{
MessageBox.Show(ex.ToString());
}
dataGridView1.DataSource = dt;
//***Access(OleDB Version)
//[OleDbConnection->OleDbDataAdapter->DataSet->dataGridView1]
string strSQL=“Select * from table”;
try
{
IDbConnection dbConn = new System.Data.OleDb.OleDbConnection(@”Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=|DataDirectory|\database.mdb;Persist Security Info=True”);
IDbDataAdapter dbAdapter = new System.Data.OleDb.OleDbDataAdapter(strSQL, (System.Data.OleDb.OleDbConnection)dbConn);
System.Data.DataSet dbSet = new System.Data.DataSet();
dbAdapter.Fill(dbSet);
dataGridView1.AutoGenerateColumns = true;
dataGridView1.DataSource = dbSet.Tables[0];
}
catch (System.Data.OleDb.OleDbException ex)
{
MessageBox.Show(ex.ToString());
}
//***Access(OleDB Version)
//[OleDbConnection->OleDbCommand->DataTable->dataGridView1]
int i;
System.Data.DataTable dt = new DataTable();
System.Data.DataRow dr;
string strSQL =“Select * from table”;
try
{
IDbConnection dbConn = new System.Data.OleDb.OleDbConnection(@”Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=|DataDirectory|\database.mdb;Persist Security Info=True”);
dbConn.Open();
IDbCommand dbCommand = new System.Data.OleDb.OleDbCommand(strSQL, (System.Data.OleDb.OleDbConnection)dbConn);
IDataReader dbReader = dbCommand.ExecuteReader();
//
for (i = 0; i < dbReader.FieldCount; i++)
dt.Columns.Add(newDataColumn(dbReader.GetName(i)));
//
while (dbReader.Read())
{
dr = dt.NewRow();
for (i = 0; i < dbReader.FieldCount; i++)
dr[i] = dbReader[i];
dt.Rows.Add(dr);
}
}
catch (System.Data.Odbc.OdbcException ex)
{
MessageBox.Show(ex.ToString());
}
dataGridView1.DataSource = dt;

[Fedora 12]關閉FireFox的離線模式(Offline mode)

摘錄自原文

Find “browser.offline-apps.notify” in the “about:config” method and set it to false.

toolkit.networkmanager.disable to “true”

————————————–

在用Linux時,是否會被那離線模式(Offline mode)給弄煩了呢?
無網路連線時會顯示離線模式,而當有網路連線時卻還是會留在離線模式

 

可照以下作法:

在FireFox上的網址列打入

about:config

會出現一個 You might void your warranty 的警告訊息
,按 I’ll be careful I promise! 繼續

在 Filter: 裡搜尋

browser.offline-apps.notify

雙點該項目,值從True -> False

相同的方法搜尋

toolkit.networkmanager.disable

雙點該項目,值從False -> True

完成

[轉貼]IP/Subnet子網路切割表示法

來源:http://vbb.twftp.org/showthread.php?t=5085

在IPv4的協定下,IP位址是由4個8位元組成的數字來表達,如200.1.1.130。一個IP位址分為網路位址(Network
Address)+主機位址(Host
Address),依網路位址所佔的位元數不同而分為A/B/C/D級網路。IP數字的0及255是預設的主機及廣播位址無法使用,所以每個數字可用的
IP位址變化只有254個(256-2),這也就是一般C級網段的Gateway
IP都預設x.x.x.254的緣故。IPv4的位址因為ABCD型網段的配法而無法完全應用到254四次方那樣多的可用IP值,隨著世界上主機數遞
增,IP位址漸漸不夠用了!在IPv6的應用尚未完全普及之時,就得利用切分子網路(Subnet)的方式來有效分配IP位址。

某台網路主機,它的IP及子網路表示法為200.1.1.130/28,從這樣簡短的字句,你該立刻看出什麼呢?

1.子網路的遮罩位址為何?
該數字28是代表遮罩IP位址的網路位址所佔位元數,即:11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000,遮罩位元為1者是讓
IP通過(合法),0者為阻擋,所以從上述的32位元分布,我們得知它的網段型態是屬於C型位址,因此十進位的遮罩位址就是
255.255.255.240(只需要求算右邊那四個1),即 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 = 240

2.可切成幾個子網路?
數字1是讓IP通過,所以只要注意1的位元變化組合(因為後面的0怎麼變化都會被擋住),(1111)= 2^4 = 16,共有16種變化。

3.每個子網段有幾個IP值?
子網路ip數為 256/16 = 16 (有效IP為14,因為頭尾IP要去除)

4.每個子網路的IP起迄位址?
200.1.1.0-15,200.1.1.16-31,200.1.1.32-48,…,200.1.1.240-255
例如,主機IP為200.1.1.130/28的所在子網路起迄IP為: 130/16 = 8, 16 * 8 = 128,故在 200.1.1.128-143。

假如上述你都了解的話,讓我們反過來思考,用子網路IP起迄位址,反推出它的IP/Subnet表達格式?例如,我們要讓某C級網段(192.83.184.*)下的IP合法通過,這組子網路該怎麼用IP/Subnet格式表示呢?

首先,第四個IP值不遮封,因此遮罩IP位址的2進位是: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
(255.255.255.0),其網路位址位元數共24個,因此寫法是:
192.83.184.0/24,依此類推,B級網段就是192.84.0.0/16,全部開放就是:
0.0.0.0/0。所以,從IP位址的二進位表示法的位元分布,就可看出其背後的隱藏資訊,只要您能了解這些概念就可直接看出來,不需再作
IP(192.83.184.0)轉二進位的運算(江湖一點訣)。

 

—————————————————————

還有另外一篇,由於是全文轉貼,所以就不放費空間去貼了

感謝原作者的好文章,讓我去好好加強網路概念

http://caf677.pixnet.net/blog/post/22615302

 

[Ubuntu10.04] 關於Ubuntu的一些雜記

切換root

sudo su –

修改root密碼

sudo passwd root

 使用vi

apt-get vim;alias vi=’vim’

vi ~/.vimrc

引用:http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0310vi.php#vim_set

:set nu
:set nonu
就是設定與取消行號啊!
:syntax on
:syntax off
是否依據程式相關語法顯示不同顏色? 舉例來說,在編輯一個純文字檔時,如果開頭是以 # 開始,那麼該行就會變成藍色。 如果你懂得寫程式,那麼這個 :syntax on 還會主動的幫你除錯呢!但是, 如果你僅是編寫純文字檔案,要避免顏色對你的螢幕產生的干擾,則可以取消這個設定 。
:set bg=dark
:set bg=light
可用以顯示不同的顏色色調,預設是『 light 』。如果你常常發現註解的字體深藍色實在很不容易看, 那麼這裡可以設定為 dark 喔!試看看,會有不同的樣式呢!

 

關於GRUB2

引用:http://wiki.ubuntu-tw.org/index.php?title=GRUB_2_%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97#.E5.A2.9E.E5.8A.A0.E5.8A.9F.E8.83.BD

  • 沒有 /boot/grub/menu.lst。已被 /boot/grub/grub.cfg 取代。
  • 在 grub 提示符號下沒有「/find boot/grub/stage1」。Stage 1.5 被淘汰了。
  • 主要選單檔,/boot/grub/grub.cfg,不應再被手動編輯,即使是由「root」身份。
  • grub.cfg 會在任何有更新、核心被加入/移除或是使用者執行 update-grub 的時候被覆寫。
  • 主要用來改變顯示設定的設定檔是 /etc/default/grub
  •  其他參見說明

     

    [Ubuntu10.04] Apt-get指令用法和yum對照

    我是Fedora派的,不管是Cent OS或Fedora都好好用
    但我又被ubuntu的強大視窗特效和親合力很高的圖型介面所吸引
    不過ubuntu是用debian系列的,指令介面用起來還是有點卡卡的,試試看也不錯。

    我紀錄一下這指令用法,和做一些對照,YUM比較常用

    引用:http://wiki.debian.org.hk/w/Install_software_with_APT

    更新最新的軟件資料 (apt-get update)

    YUM指令對照:yum update

    在系統管理員帳戶(即root)下打「apt-get update」更新最新的軟件資料:

    # apt-get update
    下載:1 ftp://ftp.hk.debian.org stable/main Packages [3577kB]
    已有 http://deb.opera.com stable/non-free Packages
    略過 http://deb.opera.com stable/non-free Release
    下載:2 ftp://ftp.hk.debian.org stable/main Release [82B]
    下載:3 ftp://ftp.hk.debian.org stable/main Sources [1415kB]
    讀取 4992kB 用了 11s (159kB/s)
    讀取套件清單中... 完成
    

    搜尋軟件 (apt-cache search)

    YUM指令對照:yum search 關鍵字

    先用 “apt-cache search 關鍵字 ...” 搜尋軟件:

    $ apt-cache search image manipulate
    cinepaint - motion picture image painting and retouching tool
    fujiplay - Interface for Fuji digital cameras
    gnubik - 3D Rubik's cube game
    gtkmorph - Digital image warp and morph (gtk)
    gtkmorph-example - digital image warp and morph, examples
    imagemagick - Image manipulation programs
    jhead - manipulate the non-image part of Exif compliant JPEG files
    jpegpixi - Remove hot spots from JPEG images with minimal quality loss
    

    安裝軟件 (apt-get install)

    YUM指令對照:yum install  套件名稱

    apt-get install 套件名稱

    # apt-get install imagemagick
    Reading Package Lists... Done
    Building Dependency Tree... Done
    Suggested packages:
    html2ps lpr
    The following NEW packages will be installed:
    imagemagick
    0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
    Need to get 0B/1466kB of archives.
    After unpacking 5325kB of additional disk space will be used.
    Selecting previously deselected package imagemagick.
    (Reading database ... 60636 files and directories currently installed.)
    Unpacking imagemagick (from .../imagemagick_6%3a6.0.6.2-2.4_i386.deb) ...
    Setting up imagemagick (6.0.6.2-2.4) ...
    

    移除軟件 (apt-get remove)

    要移除套件,可以在系統管理員帳戶(即root)下打「apt-get remove 套件名稱」,APT就會把所指定的套件和相依的套件一併移除。不過apt-get remove不會移除套件所屬的設定檔,要把設定檔也一併移除,就要加入選項「--purge」。

    YUM指令對照:yum erase 套件名稱

    # apt-get --purge remove imagemagick
    Reading Package Lists... Done
    Building Dependency Tree... Done
    The following packages will be REMOVED:
    imagemagick*
    0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
    Need to get 0B of archives.
    After unpacking 5325kB disk space will be freed.
    Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
    (Reading database ... 60867 files and directories currently installed.)
    Removing imagemagick ...
    Purging configuration files for imagemagick ...
    

    顯示個別軟件詳細資訊 (apt-cache show) (很少用)

    YUM指令對照:yum list 套件名稱

    如果想知道個別套件詳細資訊,可以打 "apt-cache show 套件名稱":

    $ apt-cache show imagemagick
    Package: imagemagick
    Priority: optional
    Section: graphics
    Installed-Size: 5200
    Maintainer: Ryuichi Arafune <[email protected]>
    Architecture: i386
    Version: 6:6.0.6.2-2.4
    Replaces: imagemagick-doc, geomview (<= 1.8.0)
    Depends: libmagick6 (= 6:6.0.6.2-2.4)
    Suggests: gs, html2ps, lpr
    Conflicts: imagemagick-doc
    Filename: pool/main/i/imagemagick/imagemagick_6.0.6.2-2.4_i386.deb
    Size: 1465598
    MD5sum: 4b9eb6cda5f5fe0c20040c9647ee2b6f
    Description: Image manipulation programs
    Imagemagick is a set of programs to manipulate various image formats
    (JPEG, TIFF, PhotoCD, PBM, XPM, etc...). All manipulations can
    be achieved through shell commands as well as through a X11 graphical
    interface (display).
    .
    Possible effects: colormap manipulation, channel operations, thumbnail
    creation, image annotation, limited drawing, image distortion, etc...
    .
    This package suggests a postscript interpreter (gs) to read postscript
    files. It will however function happily without it (as long as you don't
    want to read postscript).
    

    [Fedora12] 開機失敗

    最近遇到選完GRUB選單,然後Fedora開機卡住的問題

    螢幕只剩下一個小點點 (或底線 _ ) 在那邊閃呀閃

     

     

    硬體是HP dx2000mt的電腦      Intel 865GV晶片組

    引用:http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0308.1/1105.html
    https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=521423

     

    查到是說,是ACPI(進階電源管理)的問題

    關於ACPI,這裡有他的很棒的說明

    http://www.delightpress.com.tw/article_c.aspx?article_id=8

    簡單說就是控制電腦在休眠待命和關機的一些電源控制
    作業系統需要偵測硬體和與BIOS做溝通

    如果你也是遇到這種問題,先把核心參數

    rhgb quiet

    這二個拿掉,才能顯示詳細的內容

     

    然後嘗試加上

    acpi=ht

    這是針對核心有HT技術的硬體架構所開發 (Intel ICH5 APIC)
    可以略過一些硬體偵測,又可以打開Hyper-threading技術

    如果嘗試這個不行

    只好使用這個相容性最高的參數

    acpi=off

    當然,在關機時不能自動軟關機

     

    如果不行的話可以依序試試

    acpi=noirq

    pci=routeirq

    pci=noacpi

    acpi=noirq

    pci=nomsi

     

    ——————————————————————————————————-

    引用:http://www.cyberciti.biz/howto/question/static/linux-kernel-parameters.php

    其他開機核心參數

            acpi=           [HW,ACPI] Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
                            Format: { force | off | ht | strict | noirq }
                            force — enable ACPI if default was off
                            off — disable ACPI if default was on
                            noirq — do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
                            ht — run only enough ACPI to enable Hyper Threading
                            strict — Be less tolerant of platforms that are not
                                    strictly ACPI specification compliant.

     

            pci=option[,option…]  [PCI] various PCI subsystem options:
                    off             [IA-32] don’t probe for the PCI bus
                    bios            [IA-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don’t access
                                    the hardware directly. Use this if your machine
                                    has a non-standard PCI host bridge.
                    nobios          [IA-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct
                                    hardware access methods are allowed. Use this
                                    if you experience crashes upon bootup and you
                                    suspect they are caused by the BIOS.
                    conf1           [IA-32] Force use of PCI Configuration
                                    Mechanism 1.
                    conf2           [IA-32] Force use of PCI Configuration
                                    Mechanism 2.
                    nosort          [IA-32] Don’t sort PCI devices according to
                                    order given by the PCI BIOS. This sorting is
                                    done to get a device order compatible with
                                    older kernels.
                    biosirq         [IA-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt
                                    routing table. These calls are known to be buggy
                                    on several machines and they hang the machine
                                    when used, but on other computers it’s the only
                                    way to get the interrupt routing table. Try
                                    this option if the kernel is unable to allocate
                                    IRQs or discover secondary PCI buses on your
                                    motherboard.
                    rom             [IA-32] Assign address space to expansion ROMs.
                                    Use with caution as certain devices share
                                    address decoders between ROMs and other
                                    resources.
                    irqmask=0xMMMM  [IA-32] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be
                                    assigned automatically to PCI devices. You can
                                    make the kernel exclude IRQs of your ISA cards
                                    this way.
                    pirqaddr=0xAAAAA        [IA-32] Specify the physical address
                                    of the PIRQ table (normally generated
                                    by the BIOS) if it is outside the
                                    F0000h-100000h range.
                    lastbus=N       [IA-32] Scan all bus
    es thru bus #N. Can be
                                    useful if the kernel is unable to find your
                                    secondary buses and you want to tell it
                                    explicitly which ones they are.
                    assign-busses   [IA-32] Always assign all PCI bus
                                    numbers ourselves, overriding
                                    whatever the firmware may have done.
                    usepirqmask     [IA-32] Honor the possible IRQ mask stored
                                    in the BIOS $PIR table. This is needed on
                                    some systems with broken BIOSes, notably
                                    some HP Pavilion N5400 and Omnibook XE3
                                    notebooks. This will have no effect if ACPI
                                    IRQ routing is enabled.
                    noacpi          [IA-32] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
                                    or for PCI scanning.
                    routeirq        Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices.
                                    This is normally done in pci_enable_device(),
                                    so this option is a temporary workaround
                                    for broken drivers that don’t call it.
                    firmware        [ARM] Do not re-enumerate the bus but instead
                                    just use the configuration from the
                                    bootloader. This is currently used on
                                    IXP2000 systems where the bus has to be
                                    configured a certain way for adjunct CPUs.